What is a repair flash?

[Shidoshi]

On sites there are:

Partial Unlock
Full
EEPROM
MCU
PPM

and sometimes i see: Repair Flashes

what are those 'Repair Flash'? they EEPROM+MCU or something?
what is the best way to check out what a file is when it is not correctly named? (speaking of flashes mainly)

thanky in advance